When kids can't read, what teachers can do: a guide for teachers, 6-12

A defining moment

Creating independent readers

Assessing dependent readers' needs

Explicit instruction in comprehension

Learning to make an inference

Frontloading meaning: pre-reading strategies

Constructing meaning: during-reading strategies

Extending meaning: after-reading strategies

Vocabulary: figuring out what words mean

Fluency and automaticity

Word recognition: what's after "sound it out?"

Spelling: from word lists to how words work

Creating the confidence to respond

Finding the right book

A final letter to George

Appendices : A. Coding of Kate's first time teaching "eleven" ; B. Transcript of Kate's think-aloud for "eleven" ; C. Bookmark templates ; D. Common roots, prefixes, and suffixes ; E. More roots ; F. Templates ; G. Fry and Dolch word lists ; Common phonics generalizations ; 175 most common syllables in the 5,000 most frequent English words ; J. Interesting sorts ; K. Easily confused words ; L. Common spelling rules ; M. Booklists ; N. Poem for tea party.