Racism in the United States: implications for the helping professions

Introduction: Racism in the United States: Implications for the Helping Professions

Chapter 1. Background: Social Identity and Situating Ourselves

Social Identity

Situating Ourselves

Power, Privilege, and Social Identity

Comfort Zones, Learning Edges, Triggers, and Creating a Context for Learning

Setting Guidelines

Journal Writing

Creating a Safe Environment

Exercise 1.1. Social Identity

Exercise 1.2. Exploring Triggers

Exercise 1.3. Racial Identity Formation

Chapter 2. What Is Racism?

How Race and Racism Have Been Conceptualized

Historical Underpinnings

Western Concept of Race

Theories about Racism

Ethnicity Theories

Race Relations Theories

Theories of Prejudice

Structural Theories of Racism

Critical Race Theory

Contours of Racism

Levels of Racism

Direct and Indirect Racism

Intentional and Unintentional Racism

Sites of Racism

Frequency and Magnitude of Racism

Spectrum of Racism

Intrapersonal

Interpersonal

Intergroup

Institutional

Official and State

Extreme, State Sanctioned

Exercise 2.1. Applying the Spectrum of Racism

Chapter 3. Brief History of Racism in the United States and Implications for the Helping Professions

Racial Contract

Native Americans

African Americans

Latinos/Hispanics

Asian Americans

Factors Common to Anti-Immigrant Racism

White Ethnic Groups

Push and Pull Factors

Discrimination Against White Ethnic Groups

Ethnicity and Race

Liminality

Racism and the Helping Professions in Historical Perspective

Progressive Era

New Deal

Civil Rights Movement and the Great Society

Exercise 3.1. Differential Group Experience

Chapter 4. Web of Institutional Racism

Nature of the Web of Racism

Residential Racism: Neighborhoods and Housing

Educational Racism: Public, Private, and Higher Education

Employment Racism

Racism and Wealth Accumulation and Upward Mobility

Environmental and Health Racism

Mental Health Racism

Access

Services Offered

Who Provides Treatment

Structure of Services

Theoretical Biases

Racism in Clinical Encounters

Racism in the Criminal Justice System

Political Racism

Media Racism

Implications of the Web of Racism for the Helping Professions

Exercise 4.1. Web of Racism and Passports of Privilege

Chapter 5. Why Is It so Difficult for People with Privilege to See Racism?

Consciousness

Invisible Knapsacks of Privilege

Socialization into White Privilege

Role of the Family

Discourse of Denigration and the Creation of Other

Renounced Targets

Triangulation

Stereotypes and What Can Be Done about Them

Sources of Resistance

Consequences of Unexamined Stereotypes

Confronting Stereotypes

Exercise 5.1. Personal Audit

Exercise 5.2. Confronting Stereotypes

Chapter 6. Social Identity Formation and Group Membership

Identity

Racial and Ethnic Identity Theory

Multiracial/Biracial Identity Development

Theoretical Assumptions

Conceptual Expansions of Ethnic and Racial Identity Theory

Multidimensional Social Identity Development

Axes of Social Identity

Dimensions

Lifespan Context

Environmental Context

Resolutions/Stances

Social Identity Development Phases

Targeted Identity

Agent Identity

Identity and Intergroup Relations

What Can Prevent or Alleviate Intergroup Conflict?

Implications for the Helping Professions

Exercise 6.1. Multidimensional Social Identity Exercise

Chapter 7. Intersectionality, Racism and Other Forms of Social Oppression

Common Aspects of Social Oppression

Tilly's Model of Categorical Inequalities

Bell's Features of Social Oppression

Racism and Class Oppression

Race and Class Visibility

Race, Class, and Politics

Interaction of Race and Class Today

Racism and Sexism

Social Consequences of Racism and Sexism

Social Roles and Social Identity

Racism and Heterosexism

Heterosexism

Interaction of Racism and Heterosexism

Immigration and Racism

Dynamics of Immigration

Significant Legislation

Immigration and Racism Today

Exercise 7.1. Intersectionality

Chapter 8. Racial Dialogue: Talking about Race and Racism

Why Undertake Racial Dialogues?

Why Is Racial Dialogue so Challenging?

Conducting Successful Racial Dialogues

Important Dimensions of Dialogue

Models and Stages of Intergroup Dialogue

Managing Effective Racial Dialogues

Racial Reconciliation and Inter-Racial Justice

Recognition

Responsibility

Reconstruction

Reparation

Exercise 8.1. Preparing for Dialogue

Chapter 9. Responses to Racism in the Community

Millville

Snapshots of Millville Residents

Racism in Millville

Dynamics of Racism in Communities

Structural/Institutional Racism

Political Power

Social Identity and Group Membership

Phenomenology of Community Racism

Social Cohesion and Community Integrity

Responding to Racism in the Community

Public Dialogue

Re-Storying the Community

Structural Interventions

Generating Social Capital in the Quest for Community Integrity

Anti-Racism Work in the Community

Assessment and Prioritization

Working with Existing Groups and Organizations

Working in Coalitions

Disruptive Strategies

Participatory Efforts

Self-Care

Exercise 9.1. Mapping Your Community

Chapter 10. Confronting Racism in Agencies and Organizations

Types of Organizations

How Racism Is Manifested in Social Service Organizations

Policies

Interpersonal Relationships

Organizational Power

Resources Devoted to Anti-Racism

Developmental Models of Organizational Change

Process of Becoming an Anti-Racism Organization

Mission Statement

Project Group

Assessment and Prioritization

Anti-Racism Audit

Exercise 10.1. Anti-Racism Agency Assessment

Chapter 11. Cross-Racial Clinical Work

Social Identity

Culture, Values, and Worldview

Power

Legacies of Racism Seen in Clinical Work

Anger

Rage

Guilt

Shame

Stress and Trauma

Grief and Mourning

Theoretical Biases

Barriers to Effective Cross-Racial Clinical Work

Internalized Racism

Inattention to Power and Privilege

Defensive Racial Dynamics

Guidelines for Effective Cross-Racial Clinical Work

Working with Social Identity

Focusing on Strengths

Listening and Observing

Working with Racial Transference and Counter-Transference

Ability to Tolerate and Respond to Strong Affect

Situating Clients in Their Historical and Social Context

Mirroring and Empathy

Bringing up Issues of Race and Racism

Responding to Bias

Issues for Clinicians Who Identify as White

Issues for Clinicians Who Identify as People of Color or Multiracial

Supervision and Consultation

Structural and Environmental Issues

Environment

Access

Staffing and Board Representation

Exercise 11.1. Crossed Racial Identity between Worker and Client

Exercise 11.2. Exploring Emotions

Chapter 12. Teaching about Racism

Regina

Alicia

Michael

Course and Class Structure

Classroom Climate

Classroom Safety

Classroom Norms

Caucus Groups

Instructor Self-Awareness

Resistance

Supporting Anti-Racism Teaching

Understanding Students

Teaching Strategies and Techniques

Interviewing in Fairs

Maintaining Balance

Availability of Teachers

Feeling Stuck

Chapter 13. Dismantling Racism: Creating the Web of Resistance

Creating the Web of Resistance

Core Values

Intrapersonal Realm: Introspection and Education

Interpersonal Realm: Engaging in Dialogue/Working in Coalitions.