Pt. 1. The emergence of a modern penal system
2. The movement for prison reform in the Late Qing (1895-1911)
3. Civil prisons in early Republican China (1911-27)
The Ministry of Justice and prison reform
Capital crimes: crime and punishment in Beijing
Prisons under the Beiyang governments: The examples of Fengtian and Jiangsu Provinces
Pt. 2. Science, crime and punishment under the Guomindang
4. The science of punishment (1927-49)
To secure and cure: penal philosophy in Republican China
The virtues of industry: work in the prison
Walls and bars: the silent weight of prison architecture
Wayward children: juvenile correctional policy
The final punishment: the debate over the death penalty
5. The science of crime (1927-49) 'Homo criminalis": the rise of criminology
Heredity, environment and individual responsibility in criminology
Born criminals: eugenics and the biology of crime
The measurement of crime: fieldwork in the prison
The transparency of crime: Yu Xiuhao and the science of criminal investigation
The imprint of crime: criminal identity, fingerprints and forensic medicine
Pt. 3. Prison reform under the Guomindang
6. Prison reform in the Nanjing Decade (1927-37)
Life behind bars: prisons during the Nanjing decade
Political offenders and the prison system
Prison reform at the country level
7. The prison system during the war (1939-49)
The destruction of prisons and the release of prisoners
Prison reform during the war
The Red Cross and prisoners of war
Convict colonies and the reclamation of wasteland
Prisons in occupied China
Reconstruction after the war
The arrival of the communists.
B. Rules governing the administration of prisons.
