What works in conservation: 2021

Introduction ; Who is What Works in Conservation for? ; The Conservation Evidence project ; Which conservation interventions are included? ; How we review the literature ; What does What Works in Conservation include? ; Expert assessment of the evidence ; Categorization of interventions ; How to use What Works in Conservation

1. AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION. 1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 1.2Threat: Agriculture ; 1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining ; 1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 1.5 Threat: Biological resource use ; 1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance ; 1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications ; 1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species ; 1.9 Threat: Pollution ; 1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather ; 1.11 Habitat protection ; 1.12 Habitat restoration and creation ; 1.13 Species management ; 1.14 Education and awareness raising

2. BAT CONSERVATION. 2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 2.2 Threat: Agriculture ; 2.3 Threat: Energy production

mining ; 2.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 2.5 Threat: Biological resource use ; 2.6 Threat: Human disturbance

caving and tourism ; 2.7 Threat: Natural system modification ; 2.8 Threat: Invasive species ; 2.9 Threat: Pollution ; 2.10 Climate change and severe weather ; 2.11 Habitat protection ; 2.12 Habitat restoration and creation ; 2.13. Species management ; 2.14 Education and awareness raising

3. BIRD CONSERVATION. 3.1 Habitat protection ; 3.2 Education and awareness raising ; 3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 3.4 Threat: Agriculture ; 3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining ; 3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 3.7 Threat: Biological resource use ; 3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance ; 3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications ; 3.10 Habitat restoration and creation ; 3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species ; 3.12 Threat: Pollution ; 3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events ; 3.14 General responses to small/ declining populations ; 3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation)

4. FARMLAND CONSERVATION. 4.1 All farming systems ; 4.2 Arable farming ; 4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops ; 4.4 Livestock farming ; 4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals ; 4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors ; 4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport) ; 4.9 Threat: Natural system modification ; 4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species ; 4.11 Threat: Education and awareness

5. FOREST CONSERVATION. 5.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 5.2 Threat: Agriculture ; 5.3 Threat: Transport and service corridors ; 5.4 Threat: Biological resource use ; 5.5 Habitat protection ; 5.6 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species ; 5.7 Threat: Pollution ; 5.8 Threat: Climate change and severe weather ; 5.9 Habitat protection ; 5.10 Habitat restoration and creation ; 5.11 Actions to improve survival and growth rate of planted trees ; 5.12 Education and awareness raising

6. PEATLAND CONSERVATION. 6.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 6.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture ; 6.3 Threat: Energy production and mining ; 6.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 6.5 Threat: Biological resource use ; 6.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance ; 6.7 Threat: Natural system modifications ; 6.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species ; 6.9 Threat: Pollution ; 6.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather ; 6.11 Habitat creation and restoration ; 6.12 Actions to complement planting ; 6.13 Habitat protection ; 6.14 Education and awareness

7. PRIMATE CONSERVATION. 7.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 7.2 Threat: Agriculture ; 7.3 Threat: Energy production and mining ; 7.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 7.5 Threat: Biological resource use ; 7.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance ; 7.7 Threat: Natural system modifications ; 7.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species and genes ; 7.9 Threat: Pollution ; 7.10 Education and Awareness ; 7.11 Habitat protection ; 7.12 Species management ; 7.13 Livelihood; economic and other incentives

8. SHRUBLAND AND HEATHLAND CONSERVATION. 8.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development ; 8.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture ; 8.3 Threat: Energy production and mining ; 8.4 Threat: Biological resource use ; 8.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors ; 8.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance ; 8.7 Threat: Natural system modifications ; 8.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species ; 8.9 Threat: Pollution ; 8.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather ; 8.11 Threat: Habitat protection ; 8.12 Habitat restoration and creation ; 8.13 Actions to benefit introduced vegetation ; 8.14 Education and awareness

9. MANAGEMENT OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS. 9.1 Ex-situ conservation

breeding amphibians ; 9.2 Promoting health and welfare in captive carnivores (felids, canids and ursids) through feeding practices ; 9.3 Promoting natural feeding behaviours in primates in captivity

10. SOME ASPECTS OF CONTROL OF FRESHWATER INVASIVE SPECIES. 10.1 Threat: Invasive plants ; 10.2 Threat: Invasive molluscs ; 10.3 Threat: Invasive crustaceans ; 10.4 Threat: Invasive fish ; 10.5 Threat: Invasive reptiles ; 10.6 Threat: Invasive amphibians

11. SOME ASPECTS OF ENHANCING NATURAL PEST CONTROL. 11.1 Reducing agricultural pollution ; 11.2 All farming systems ; 11.3 Arable farming ; 11.4 Perennial farming ; 11.5 Livestock farming and pasture

12. ENHANCING SOIL FERTILITY. 12.1 Reducing agricultural pollution ; 12.2 All farming systems ; 12.3 Arable farming ; 12.4 Livestock and pasture farming.